From the above results it shows that the different verbs can lead to different speed estimates. The researchers provided two possible explanations for these results. The first explanation is that the participants might not have been sure about the speed and the verb simply led them towards a particular answer. If they were not sure of the speed and thought it was around 30 to 40mph, the verb would have biased their answer in a particular direction. This doesn’t tell us much about the reconstructive nature of memory and is more a possible limitation in the research methodology, if anything. Some of Elizabeth Loftus’s first studies focused on how language can influence memories of particular events. Research prior to the following two 1974 experiments suggested that people are quite inaccurate when asked to report numerical details regarding events. Also, as memory has been shown to be reconstructive in nature, Loftus and Palmer predicted that the wording of a question could influence recall. They define a leading question as “one that, either by its form or content, suggests to the witness what answer is desired or leads him (sic) to the desired answer).” Have you ever seen this in a film or on TV in a court-room drama? The lawyer asks the question and the opposing lawyer shouts, “Objection! Leading the witness, your Honour”. They are objecting to the use of a leading question – asking in a question that is guiding (or leading) the respondent towards a particular answer. Question 3: In the world of magical girls, are you more of a Sailor Moon fan or a Cardcaptor Sakura enthusiast?

Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted a classic experiment to investigate the effect of leading questions on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Question 4: Who would you want as your mentor? Master Roshi from Dragon Ball or Jiraiya from Naruto? If you can create questions where both halves are snooker-based, feel free. But to give the game some longevity, one half can be a general knowledge question, as in the above examples. It doesn’t matter whether the snooker question forms the first or second half. SmashKarts.io is developed by Tall Team. They also developed the game Investor Island, and BlastAR Pro, an augmented reality arcade game. Platforms This study could be used for schema theory, but I prefer other studies (e.g. Bransford and Johnson)

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The results clearly show that the accuracy of eyewitness testimony is affected by leading questions and that a single word in a question can significantly affect the accuracy of our judgements.

There was no broken glass in the video clip and the participants who were questioned previously using the verb smashed, were significantly more likely to report seeing the broken glass, as a result of the earlier leading question. The verb smashed has connotation of faster speeds and broken glass and this question led the participants to report seeing something that was not actually present. Their memory for the original event was distorted by the question used one week earlier, demonstrating the power of leading questions.For the IA, I would not use the broken glass version of the experiment as it gathers nominal data and this makes the inferential stats a little more difficult. The best option is to choose two verbs from the first study and replicate that.

I f you have ever watched ‘Richard Osman’s House of Games’ you will be familiar with the final round every day of answer smash. For those unfamiliar you have to ‘smash’ two answers together to get the answer we are looking for, e.g. The second study is the important one to be able to explain in exams as it shows the reconstructive nature of memory. Twelfth Night is the night before Epiphany and is the night, tradition says, when Christmas decorations should be taken downLoftus and Palmer’s research has questionable ecological validity. On the one hand, questioning participants about everyday events like a car crash appears to be a genuine measure of eyewitness testimony. However, the participants in their research watched a video of a car crash and witnessed the events unfold from start to finish. In everyday reports of car accidents, witnesses rarely see the whole event; they are either involved in the event directly, or see a small part of the event happen in their peripheral vision. Therefore, their results to do reflect everyday car accidents and we are unable to conclude if participants involved in real accidents, who would have a stronger emotional connection to the event, would also be susceptible to leading questions in the same way. Which animal is associated with myxomatosis and falls apart when it hears a 1964 Dave Clark Five song? If the verb smashed significantly increased the memory of broken glass when there was none, this is stronger evidence to show that the verb was acting as false information which was actually changing the memories of participants in this condition.

For example, I would be asking a leading question if I asked you, “how much do you like Psychology?” I’m already implying in my question that you do in fact like Psychology, I simply want to know how much. You’re lead to answer in a way that suggests you like this subject. What if you hate it, or find it immensely boring? It would be more difficult to respond this way to this particular question. Bing Crosby's White Christmas is the best-selling Christmas song with more than more than 50 million copies sold In this study, 150 participants were put into three different groups but all watched the same film (in smaller groups). The film showed an accident involving many cars and the entire film lasted for less than one minute and the accident part of film lasted 4 seconds. After the participants watched the film, they were given a questionnaire. The first question was again open-ended and asked the participants to describe the accident in their own words. This was followed by a series of specific questions, with one critical question.

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If asked about “one study” it would be fine to write about both of these versions of the same experiment – the focus should be on the second one, though. Question 8: When it comes to superpowers, are you more intrigued by My Hero Academia’s quirks or Hunter x Hunter’s Nen abilities? The word winter comes from the Germanic wintar which in turn is derived from the root wed meaning 'wet' or water' Here are the results regarding the memory of seeing broken glass: Distribution of “Yes” and “NO” Responses for Different Conditions